Ancient Chinese brush
The ancestor of the pen should be the brush which is regarded as one of the “Four Treasures of the Study” by Chinese literati. For thousands of years, writing brushes have left countless treasures of calligraphy “like a dragon and floating like a dragon” for the Chinese nation.
Perhaps it is because European writing has more curves and is not suitable for writing with soft Chinese writing brushes. Therefore, writing brushes did not spread to the West like other ancient Chinese inventions. Europeans have their own unique writing tool-quill pen.
Quill in Ancient Egypt
The quill was invented by the ancient Egyptians. Its history is also quite long and long. With a quill pen, you can write thicker strokes with more force, and write thinner strokes with lighter force. The quill can not only be dipped in ink, but also can write continuously for a long time. However, once used for a long time, the nib will be worn out, which is not convenient for long-term use.
The British made the pen nib
In 1829, the British James Bailey successfully developed the pen nib. It has been specially processed, smooth and flexible, and it can be written quite smoothly, which is very popular among people. However, this pen must be dipped in ink for writing, which is very troublesome. The British Brahma used silver to make a pen barrel, and then put ink in the pen barrel to make it flow out of the pen tip, which seems to be able to write smoothly.
However, the ink that lacks control always does not listen to it, and it is easy to mess up the paper. Brahma added a capsule tube for ink to the pen barrel, and someone installed a thin metal needle on the nib to control the ink channel. However, the water leakage problem was still not completely resolved.
Waterman invented the fountain pen
It is said that on one occasion, Waterman , a salesman of an insurance company in the United States, finally negotiated a big deal in the competition with several colleagues. When signing the contract, Waterman handed the client a beautiful fountain pen and asked him to sign. Unexpectedly, when the client lifted the pen to sign, a large pool of ink dripped from the tip of the pen, which stained a good contract.
Just as Waterman hurriedly turned around to get another new contract, the competitors around him took advantage of it, signed the contract with the customer, and took away this considerable amount of business. This was a great stimulus to Waterman, and despite his disappointment, he determined to design a fountain pen in the true sense that could freely control the water.
After 4 years of hard work, Waterman finally invented a more practical fountain pen in 1884, which is an indispensable fountain pen in people’s lives today, based on summing up the failure experience of the predecessors.
Americans invented the ballpoint pen
In 1888, four years after Waterman invented the fountain pen, Lauby of the United States proposed a new concept pen. It was different from the fountain pen. Instead, a ball was installed on the tip of the pen. Rolling, leaving the ink on the paper, this is what people call “ballpoint pens” today. Regrettably, Robbie’s attempt failed. On the one hand, the ball was unable to roll properly and could not write characters; on the other hand, the ink flowing out of the ball could not be controlled and would leak a lot. The invention was delayed.
The development of the ballpoint pen to maturity
More than half a century later, in 1943, a proofreader from a Hungarian printing company named Lazro Joseph Bick found that the proof sample printed on the machine had a lot of moisture. Correcting it with a fountain pen, the phenomenon of infiltration and blurring would occur. . For this reason, he often wondered what way to improve. He is a person who receives old-style ink pens. He and his colleagues always complained about ink stains on either hands or paper, forming stains. Therefore, in the late 1930s, when Biro saw quick-drying ink in a paint shop, he decided to try this out. Kind of stuff.
Once, Piccolo found a round tube, filled it with oil paint, and changed the nib to a steel ball, so the world’s first ballpoint pen was born. When they had perfected their ideas, the brothers had moved to Argentina permanently. There they found Henry Martin, a patron who was a British businessman. In 1943, they produced a ballpoint pen, and Piccolo provided the invention to the Royal Air Force. Soon, a British aircraft manufacturer launched the first commercial ballpoint pens.
At that time, a businessman named Renault in the United States saw this ballpoint pen, just like a hound with a keen sense of smell discovering its prey. With the unique sensitivity of the businessman, he believed that it was a new product with a promising future.
At the end of the Second World War, the atomic bomb was successfully manufactured in the United States! In order to be sensational and attract customers, Renault uniquely called his ballpoint pens “ballpoint pens”. Renault claims that his ball pen can write underwater, can be used in the cold North Pole, can write for a long time, and is easy to carry.
Before the invention of the ballpoint pen, writing might be a dirty hand. In the principal’s office, people use simple steel nib pens that must be frequently dipped in ink. The ink bottle can easily be overturned and even more likely to cause ink stains or stains. In the years after the Second World War, ballpoint pens gradually became everyone’s favorite writing tool due to the development of low-cost manufacturing methods.
Laszlo Biro and Georg Biro brothers invented each day and became popular because they became ideal gifts. In fact, it is an ideal writing utensil for various occasions.
After the Second World War, the Frenchman Barron Bisch bought Biro’s patent and implemented a low-cost manufacturing process. His “Bick” brand ballpoint pen has become a popular and cheap writing tool, and it is used in all schools and offices.
Therefore, it is not difficult to see from the development of pens that pens have an irreplaceable position in our lives and work. Next, let us talk about the types of pens.
Ancient pen
Stage 1: Reed pen
The ancient Egyptians used thin reed brushes or reed pens on papyrus scrolls, which evolved from Juncus maritimus or tsunami into papyrus scrolls. Stephen Roger Fecher pointed out in his book The History of Writing Instruments According to Saqqara’s discovery, reed pens were probably used on parchment as early as about 3000 BC until the Middle Ages, but they slowly replaced quill pens from about the 7th century. Reed pens are usually made of bamboo and are still used by young students in some parts of Pakistan and used to write on small wooden boards.
Stage 2: Quill
Reed pens existed for a long time, until papyrus was replaced by animal skins, kraft paper and parchment as writing surfaces. The surface of the skin is smooth, allowing people to use quill pens for finer and more delicate writing.
Most of the feathers of quill pens come from the feathers of flying birds, among which goose feathers are the most used, so quill pens are often called quill pens. . It dates back to about 100 BC. Many precious scrolls of that period were written in Hebrew dialects, with toba or feather pens. Quill pens were still widely used in the 18th century, and were used to write and sign the U.S. Constitution in 1787.
Stage 3: Metal nib
A copper nib was found in the Pompey site, showing that metal nibs were used as early as AD 79. In the diary of Samuel Pepys in August 1663, “a silver pen with ink” was also mentioned. The “new invention” metal pen was advertised in the Times in 1792. The metal nib was patented in 1803, but the patent was not used commercially.
In 1811, Bryan Donkin published a patent for the manufacture of metal pens. John Mitchell of Birmingham began mass production of pens with metal nibs in 1822. Since then, the quality of the pen nibs has been sufficiently improved, making dip pens with metal nibs widely used.
Stage 4: Water storage pen
The earliest historical record of a pen with a water storage structure can be traced back to the 10th century AD. In Ma’ādAL-Mu’izz (Ancient Egyptian city) in 953, the Pharaoh Fatimid Caliph asked to make a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and set up a water storage mechanism.
This pen may be the first modern fountain pen in history, but its mechanism is still unclear, and only one record mentions it. The later water storage pen was developed in 1636 and invented by the German inventor Daniel Schwantt. According to his description, it was a pen made of two feather pens. One quill acts as an ink reservoir in the other quill. The ink is sealed in the sleeve with a cork. The ink is squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch obtained a patent in the UK.
While his student Romania Petrach Bonaru invented the fountain pen, the French government granted him a fountain pen patent in May 1827, and it was officially produced in the 1850s.
Stage 5：Ballpoint pen
The picture below is the 1915 “Vulcan” ink pencil advertisement, from Slywohub Edward Penkala. He and an entrepreneur named Edmund Moster founded the Penkala-Moster company and built the world at that time. The largest pen and pencil factory in Shanghai. This company, which still exists today, is now called TOZ-Penkala. “TOZ” means “Tvornica olovaka Zagreb” and stands for “Zagreb Pencil Factory”.
Stage 6: Fiber Pen
In the 1960s, Yukio Horie of Tokyo Stationery, Japan, invented the fiber or felt-tip pen. The material of the pen tip of this pen is mainly fiber, not metal, not feather, not graphite, but synthetic fiber. Paper Mate’s Flair is the felt-tip pen that was first sold on the American market in the 1960s and has always been a leader in this field. Marker pens and highlighters, similar to felt pens, have become popular recently.
Stage 7:Rollerball pen
Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1970s. They use moving balls and liquid ink to produce smoother lines. Technological advances in the late 1980s and early 1990s improved the overall performance of the bocce ball.
Although the invention of typewriters and personal computers with keyboard input provided another way of writing, the pen is still the main means of writing. Many people like to use expensive pen types and brands, including fountain pens, and these pens are sometimes regarded as status symbols.
Modern pen
（1）Ballpoint pen
Small hard balls of oil-based ink dispensed by rolling, usually 0.5-1.2 mm and made of brass, steel, or tungsten carbide. The ink dries almost immediately when it comes into contact with the paper. Ballpoint pens are usually reliable, cheap and expensive. It has replaced the pen as the most commonly used tool for daily writing. (Some ballpoint pens combine multiple colors in a barrel; the writer or artist may press down the nib with the desired color). László Bíró applied for a patent for the first commercially successful ballpoint pen.
（2）Gel pen
Dispense a water-based liquid or gel through a ball-pointed ink similar to a ballpoint pen. Compared with oil-based inks, inks with lower viscosity are more easily absorbed by paper, and the movement of the pen on the writing surface is also easier. The original design goal of the rollerball pen was to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth “wet ink” effect of a fountain pen.
Gel ink has a variety of colors to choose from, including metallic paint color, glitter effect, neon light, blur effect, saturated color, soft tone, bright shadow, shadow color, invisible ink, transparent color effect, shiny color and The effect of glowing in the dark. Recently, a pen and ink tank can be used to fill refillable ballpoint pens.
（3）Fountain pen
Use through a water-based liquid ink pen tip. Due to capillary action and gravity, the ink flows from the container through the “feed” to the nib, and then through the nib. The pen tip has no moving parts, and the ink is delivered to the writing surface through a thin slit. The pen holder can be refillable or disposable.
The disposable type is called an ink cartridge. A pen with a refillable container may have a mechanism such as a piston for drawing ink from the bottle through the tip of the pen, or may need to be refilled with a dropper. Replenishment tanks, also known as cassette converters, are suitable for certain pens that use disposable ink cartridges. Pens can be used with permanent or non-permanent ink.
（4）Felt-tip pens, or markers
Porous tip with fibrous material. The smallest and thinnest felt tip pen is used for writing on paper. Children usually use medium pointed felt tips for coloring and painting. The larger type (often called “marks”) is used for larger sizes of writing, usually on other surfaces (such as corrugated boxes, whiteboards) and blackboards, and is often called “liquid chalk” or “blackboard markers.”
Markers with wide-pointed markers and bright but transparent ink are called highlighters and are used to highlight written or printed text. Usually use pens (such as whiteboards or projectors) designed for children or temporary writing with non-permanent ink. Large marks used to mark shipping boxes or other packaging are usually permanent marks.
（5）Phone holder pen
The pigments used in the ink are suspended in a water-based gel. Since the ink is thick and opaque, it shows up more clearly on dark or smooth surfaces than the typical ink used in ballpoint pens or felt-tip pens. Gel pens can be used for many types of writing and illustrations. Gel pens usually have a bright or neon color.
A stylus, multiple stylus or stylus, is a writing utensil or pottery used for marking or shaping, for example, a small tool in some other form. It can also be a computer accessory to aid navigation or provide higher accuracy when using the touch screen. It usually refers to a long and slender rod, similar to modern ballpoint pens. Existing pens contain a ballpoint pen tip at one end and this touch screen stylus at the other end.
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